Competitive World

Tag: State PCS

  • जल जीवन मिशन

    इस लेख में जल जीवन मिशन को संक्षिप्त में विश्लेषित किया गया है।

    जल जीवन मिशन

    वित्तीय वर्ष 2021-22 के केंद्रीय बजट में सतत् विकास लक्ष्य-6 (SDG-6) के अनुसार, सभी शहरों में कार्यात्मक नल के माध्यम से घरों में पानी आपूर्ति की सार्वभौमिक कवरेज प्रदान कराने हेतु केंद्रीय आवास और शहरी मामलों के मंत्रालय के तहत जल जीवन मिशन (शहरी) योजना की घोषणा की गई है।

    यह जल जीवन मिशन (ग्रामीण) का पूरक है जिसके तहत वर्ष 2024 तक कार्यात्मक घरेलू नल कनेक्शन (FHTC) के माध्यम से सभी ग्रामीण घरों में प्रति व्यक्ति प्रतिदिन 55 लीटर जल की आपूर्ति की परिकल्पना की गई है।

    प्रमुख बिंदु

    जल जीवन मिशन (शहरी) का उद्देश्य:

    नल और सीवर कनेक्शन की पहुँच सुनिश्चित करना :
    शहरी क्षेत्रों में अनुमानित 2.68 करोड़ घरेलू कार्यात्मक नल कनेक्शनों के अंतर को समाप्त करना। 500 अमृत शहरों में 2.64 करोड़ घरों को सीवर कनेक्शन/सेप्टेज की सुविधा प्रदान करना।

    जल निकायों का पुनरुत्थान : ताज़े पानी की स्थायी आपूर्ति बढ़ाना और शहरी जलभृत प्रबंधन योजना के माध्यम से पानी की गुणवत्ता में सुधार करना तथा बाढ़ की घटनाओं को काम करने के लिये ग्रीन स्पेस और स्पंज सिटी (Sponge city) का निर्माण करना। स्पंज सिटी (Sponge city) एक ऐसे शहर को कहते हैं जो शहरी जल प्रबंधन को शहरी नियोजन नीतियों और डिज़ाइनों द्वारा मुख्यधारा में लाने की क्षमता रखती है।

    चक्रीय जल अर्थव्यवस्था की स्थापना: उपचारित सीवेज के पुनर्चक्रण/पुन: उपयोग, जल निकायों के कायाकल्प और जल संरक्षण पर ध्यान केंद्रित करते हुए प्रत्येक शहर के लिये जल संतुलन योजना के विकास के माध्यम से पानी की चक्रीय अर्थव्यवस्था को बढ़ावा देना।

    जल जीवन मिशन (शहरी) की विशेषताएँ:

    नवीनतम प्रौद्योगिकी का उपयोग: जल के क्षेत्र में नवीनतम वैश्विक प्रौद्योगिकियों का लाभ उठाने हेतु एक प्रौद्योगिकी उप-मिशन को प्रस्तावित किया गया है।

    जन जागरूकता का प्रसार: जल संरक्षण के बारे में आम लोगों के बीच जागरूकता फैलाने के लिये ‘सूचना, शिक्षा और संचार’ (IEC) अभियान का प्रस्ताव किया गया है। जल जीवन मिशन का प्रयास पानी के लिये एक जनांदोलन तैयार करना है, अर्थात् इसके तहत सभी लोगों को प्राथमिकता दी गई है।

    समान वितरण के लिये सर्वेक्षण: शहरों में एक चुनौतीपूर्ण प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से जल  के समान वितरण, अपशिष्ट जल का पुन: उपयोग और जल निकायों का मानचित्रण तथा जल की मात्रा एवं गुणवत्ता का पता लगाने के लिये पेयजल सर्वेक्षण (Peyjal Survekshan) का कार्य किया जाएगा।
    शहरी स्थानीय निकायों की मज़बूती पर विशेष ज़ोर:
    गैर-राजस्व जल (Non-Revenue Water) को 20% से भी कम करने का प्रयास।

    गैर-राजस्व जल, किसी जल वितरण प्रणाली में उपलब्ध जल की कुल मात्रा और ग्राहकों को एक निर्धारित राजस्व पर उपलब्ध कराए जाने वाले जल की मात्रा के बीच का अंतर है। दूसरे शब्दों में कहें तो NRW वह जल है जिसकी उपलब्धता तो है परंतु वह ग्राहकों तक नहीं पहुँच पाता या उसकी गणना नहीं हो पाती।

    • शहरों में जल की कम-से-कम 20% मांग और राज्य स्तर पर औद्योगिक जल की कम-से-कम 40% मांग को पूरा करने के लिये जल का पुनर्चक्रण
    • दोहरी पाइपिंग प्रणाली को बढ़ावा देना।
    • नगरपालिका बॉण्ड जारी कर धन जुटाना।
    • जल निकायों का पुनरुत्थान।

    पीपीपी मॉडल को बढ़ावा देना: सार्वजनिक-निजी भागीदारी को बढ़ावा देने हेतु 10 लाख से अधिक की आबादी वाले शहरों के लिये अपने कुल परियोजना निधि आवंटन की न्यूनतम 10% लागत के बराबर की परियोजनाओं को पीपीपी मॉडल के तहत पूरा करना अनिवार्य किया गया है।

  • डिजिटल कौशल योजना

    इस लेख में डिजिटल कौशल योजना को संक्षिप्त में विश्लेषित किया गया है।

    डिजिटल कौशल योजना

    Digital skill india registration 2021: प्रधान मंत्री कौशल विकास योजना (PMKVY) कौशल विकास और उद्यमिता मंत्रालय (MSDE) की प्रमुख योजना है। इस कौशल प्रमाणन योजना का उद्देश्य बड़ी संख्या में भारतीय युवाओं को उद्योग-संबंधित कौशल प्रशिक्षण लेने में सक्षम बनाना है जो उन्हें बेहतर आजीविका हासिल करने में मदद करेंगे।

    Digital Skills Training: भारत को दुनिया के लिए ह्यूमन रिसोर्स कैपिटल बनाने के लिए स्किल इंडिया मिशन (Digital Skills Training) की शुरुआत की गई. लेकिन कोविड के दौर में एक नए युग की शुरुआत हो रही है, जिसमें डिजिटल और तकनीक का सबसे ज्यादा महत्व है. ऐसे में युवाओं के स्किल को नए रूप से तैयार करने जरूरत है. इसके लिए कौशल विकास और उद्यमशीलता मंत्रालय ने काम करना भी शुरू कर दिया है. कौशल विकास योजना के तहत बदलते दौर के अनुसार कौशल विकास प्रदान करने के लिए अब डिजिटल प्रौद्योगिकी तथा उद्योगों के 4.0 कौशल पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया जा रहा है. कौशल विकास और उद्यमशीलता मंत्रालय औद्योगिक क्रांति 4.0 की आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए कोविड काल के बाद डिजिटल कौशल पर विशेष रूप से ध्यान दे रहा है।

    मुफ्त डिजिटल लर्निंग प्लेटफॉर्म, “स्किल्स बिल्ड रिनाइट” के साथ एमओयू
    इसके लिए कौशल विकास और उद्यमशीलता मंत्रालय (एमएसडीई) के अधीन प्रशिक्षण महानिदेशालय (डीजीटी) ने मुफ्त डिजिटल लर्निंग प्लेटफॉर्म, “स्किल्स बिल्ड रिनाइट” के लिए जून 2020 में आईबीएम के साथ एक समझौता ज्ञापन (एमओयू) किया है. स्किल बिल्ड रिनाइट का उद्देश्य नौकरी चाहने वालों और उद्यमियों को निशुल्क ऑनलाइन कोर्स वर्क तक पहुंच प्रदान करना और उनके करियर और व्यवसायों को सुदृढ़ करने में मदद करने के लिए मेंटरिग सहायता प्रदान करना है।

    इसके अलावा क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग और आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस के क्षेत्र में बहुआयामी डिजिटल कौशल प्रशिक्षण देश भर के छात्रों और प्रशिक्षकों को राष्ट्रीय कौशल प्रशिक्षण संस्थानों में प्रदान किया जाता है।

  • Doctrine of Severability

    In this article, we will discuss Doctrine of Severability. So, let’s get started.

    Doctrine of Severability

    Article 13 of The Indian Constitution read,

    “All laws enforce in India, before the commencement of Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provisions of fundamental rights shall to the extent of that inconsistency be void.”

    The pressing aspect of the aforementioned clause must be explained with clarity. When a particular part of a statute bounce beyond the fundamental rights of the constitution, the very part of the statute/Act would be declared void provided that, the unconstitutional part of the statute/law is separable. But, if the unconstitutional part of the statute is inseparable, then the entire statue would be held void. Hence, severability finds its significant place while invalidating an unconstitutional portion of a statute.

    The doctrine of Severability in Article 13 can be understood in two ways:

    1. Article 13(1) validates all Pre-Constitutional Law and thereby declares that all Pre-Constitutional laws in force before the commencement of the Indian Constitution shall be void, if they are inconsistent with the fundamental rights.
    2. Article 13(2) mandates the State that it shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the fundamental rights conferred in  Part III of Indian Constitution and any law contraventions this clause shall be void.

  • Merits of Colonialism

    In this article, we will discuss Merits of Colonialism. So, let’s get started.

    Merits of Colonialism

    • Industrial growth: Colonialism contributed for the industrial growth of the mother country. Raw materials were brought to the mother country from her colonies. The factories ran quite well and produced more and more which were sent again to colonies for sail.
    • The mother country sent many powerful and genius people to different colonies. They became the head of administration or army. They received their salary from the colonies. Thus, the mother country could very well govern her colonies
    • Colonialism increased the prestige of the mother country. The more colonies a country possessed the more prestige it had before others. It also considered herself more powerful.
    • Colonialism also helped in the promotion of education, agriculture, administration, industry, trade and commerce. In due course of time, these colonies became self-sufficient.
    • Colonialism taught the people about ‘Nationalism’, ‘Democracy’ and ‘Constitutionalism’. In later times, these ideas helped the’ people of the colonies to achieve independence.
    • This helped a lot to the missionaries. They taught English to the people at different colonies. This educated people who knew many new ideas and spread them among the native people.

  • Doctrine of Basic Structure

    In this article, we will discuss Doctrine of Basic Structure. So, let’s get started.

    Doctrine of Basic Structure

    The basic structure doctrine is one of the fundamental judicial principles connected with the Indian Constitution.

    The doctrine of the basic structure holds that there is a basic structure to the Indian Constitution, and the Parliament of India cannot amend the basic features.

    It was in the Kesanvnda Bharati vs State of Kerala case, the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court ruled by a 7-6 verdict that Parliament could amend any part of the Constitution so long as it did not alter or amend the basic structure or essential features of the Constitution.

    Indian Constitution is a dynamic document that can be amended according to the needs of the society whenever required. Constitution under Article 368 grants power to the Parliament to amend whenever there is a necessity.

    The doctrine of basic structure is nothing but a judicial innovation to ensure that the power of amendment is not misused by Parliament. The idea is that the basic features of the Constitution of India should not be altered to an extent that the identity of the Constitution is lost in the process.
    Indian Constitution upholds certain principles which are the governing rules for the Parliament, any amendment cannot change these principles and this is what the doctrine of basic structure upholds. The doctrine as we have today was not present always but over the years it has been propounded and upheld by the judicial officers of this country.

  • English (Practice Set-13)

    In this article, we will solve English (Practice Set-13). So, let’s get started.

    1. Fill in the blank with it to complete the sentence.
    She let her horse……in the field.
    (a) loosen
    (b) loose
    (C) loosely
    (d) lose
    Directions (Q. Nos. 2-3) Find out which part of the sentence has an error and select the appropriate option. If a sentence is free from crror ‘No error’.
    2. This is turned out to be (a)/one of our most successful projects and we have made quite (b)/large a profit from it (c)/ No error (d)

    3. He has given me (a). lot of documents (b)/ to read before the presentation tomorrow. (c)/ No error (d)

    4. A sentence has been given Direct/Indirect. Select the one
    which best expresses the same sentence in Indirect/Direct.
    The teacher said, “The Earth goes round the Sun.”
    (a) The teacher said the Earth went round the Sun.
    (b) The teacher said the Earth goes round the Sun.
    (c) The teacher said that the Earth goes round the Sun.
    (d) The teacher said that the Earth went round the Sun.

    5. Fill in the blank.
    Had you told me carlier, I …….. the metting.
    (a) had attended
    (b) have attended
    (c) attended
    (d) would have attended

    6. Choose the proper sequence.
    (a) By June next year Ajay will be twenty years working in the office
    (b) Till June next year Ajay will work in the office for twenty years.
    (c) Till June next year Ajay will work in the office for twenty years.
    (d) By June next year Ajay will have been working in the office for twenty years.

    7. A part of the sentence is underlined. Choose the correct
    alternative which should be put in place of underlined part.
    she found a wooden broken table in the room.
    (a) wooden and broken table
    (b) broken wooden table
    (c) broken and wooden table
    (d) No improvement

    8. Choose the correct preposition
    Pour the juice…. the glass
    (a) in
    (b) into
    (c) onto
    (d) on

    Directions (Q. Nos. 9-13) Read the passage and answer the following questions,
    Given below is a short passage. After the passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read a passage and answer the items based on it. You are required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
    To eat and not be eaten that’s imperative of a caterpillar’s existence. The leaf roller reduces its risks of being picked off by predators by silking together a temporary shelter in which to feed and rest. Adopting a different line of defense, the jelly slug extrudes a sticky translucent coating that may foul the mouth-part of marauding ants. For its part, the aquatic larva, by its watery element, fashions a protable hideout from fragments of aquatic leaves. Cutting a serpentine trail as it feeds on tender young leaves, the minute citrus leaf miner spends its entire larval life inside its host plant, thus keeping its appetizing body safely under wraps.

    9. Which varieties of caterpillars ‘build’ shelters to protect themselves?
    (a) Leaf roller and aquatic larva
    (b) Leaf roller and jelly slug
    (c) Jelly slug and aquatic larva
    (d) Jelly slug and citrus leaf miner

    10. Which one of the following caterpillars produces e sticky
    covering?
    (a) Leaf roller
    (b) Jelly slug
    (c) Aquatic larwa
    (d) Citrus leaf miner

    Answer sheet
    1(d) 2(c) 3(b) 4(c) 5(d) 6(d) 7(b) 8(b) 9(a) 10(b)

  • Doctrine of Colourable Legislation

    In this article, we will discuss Doctrine of Colourable Legislation. So, let’s get started.

    Doctrine of Colourable Legislation

    This Doctrine is also called “Fraud on the Constitution”. The Doctrine of Colourable Legislation comes into play when a Legislature does not possess the power to make law upon a particular subject but nonetheless indirectly makes one. By applying this principle the fate of the Impugned Legislation is decided.

    Origin:
    This Doctrine traces its origin to a Latin Maxim which, in this context, implies: “Whatever legislature cannot do directly, it cannot do indirectly”.

    Constitutional Provision:
    The doctrine is usually applied to Article 246 which has demarcated the Legislative Competence of the Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies by outlining the different subjects under Union list, State list and Concurrent list.

    Limitation:
    The doctrine has no application where the powers of a Legislature are not fettered by any Constitutional limitation. It is also not applicable to Subordinate Legislation.

    Important Judgement:
    In R.S Joshi v. Ajit Mills (1977), the SC observed that “In the statute of force, the colourable exercise of or extortion on administrative force or misrepresentation on the constitution, are articulations which only imply that the assembly is clumsy to authorise a specific law, albeit the mark of competency is struck on it, and afterwards it is colourable enactment.”

  • World Economic Outlook

    In this article, we will discuss World Economic Outlook. So, let’s get started.

    World Economic Outlook

    A Survey by the IMF staff usually published twice a year. It presents IMF staff economists’ analyses of global economic developments during the near and medium term. Chapters give an overview as well as more detailed analysis of the world economy; consider issues affecting industrial countries, developing countries, and economies in transition to market; and address topics of pressing current interest. Annexes, boxes, charts, and an extensive statistical appendix augment the text.

    Economic prospects have diverged further across countries since the April 2021 World Economic Outlook (WEO) forecast. Vaccine access has emerged as the principal fault line along which the global recovery splits into two blocs: those that can look forward to further normalization of activity later this year (almost all advanced economies) and those that will still face resurgent infections and rising COVID death tolls. The recovery, however, is not assured even in countries where infections are currently very low so long as the virus circulates elsewhere.

    The global economy is projected to grow 6.0 percent in 2021 and 4.9 percent in 2022.The 2021 global forecast is unchanged from the April 2021 WEO, but with offsetting revisions. Prospects for emerging market and developing economies have been marked down for 2021, especially for Emerging Asia. By contrast, the forecast for advanced economies is revised up. These revisions reflect pandemic developments and changes in policy support. The 0.5 percentage-point upgrade for 2022 derives largely from the forecast upgrade for advanced economies, particularly the United States, reflecting the anticipated legislation of additional fiscal support in the second half of 2021 and improved health metrics more broadly across the group.

    Recent price pressures for the most part reflect unusual pandemic-related developments and transitory supply-demand mismatches. Inflation is expected to return to its pre-pandemic ranges in most countries in 2022 once these disturbances work their way through prices, though uncertainty remains high. Elevated inflation is also expected in some emerging market and developing economies, related in part to high food prices. Central banks should generally look through transitory inflation pressures and avoid tightening until there is more clarity on underlying price dynamics. Clear communication from central banks on the outlook for monetary policy will be key to shaping inflation expectations and safeguarding against premature tightening of financial conditions. There is, however, a risk that transitory pressures could become more persistent and central banks may need to take preemptive action.

    Risks around the global baseline are to the downside. Slower-than-anticipated vaccine rollout would allow the virus to mutate further. Financial conditions could tighten rapidly, for instance from a reassessment of the monetary policy outlook in advanced economies if inflation expectations increase more rapidly than anticipated. A double hit to emerging market and developing economies from worsening pandemic dynamics and tighter external financial conditions would severely set back their recovery and drag global growth below this outlook’s baseline.

    Multilateral action has a vital role to play in diminishing divergences and strengthening global prospects. The immediate priority is to deploy vaccines equitably worldwide. A $50 billion IMF staff proposal, jointly endorsed by the World Health Organization, World Trade Organization, and World Bank, provides clear targets and pragmatic actions at a feasible cost to end the pandemic. Financially constrained economies also need unimpeded access to international liquidity. The proposed $650 billion General Allocation of Special Drawing Rights at the IMF is set to boost reserve assets of all economies and help ease liquidity constraints. Countries also need to redouble collective efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These multilateral actions can be reinforced by national-level policies tailored to the stage of the crisis that help catalyze a sustainable, inclusive recovery. Concerted, well-directed policies can make the difference between a future of durable recoveries for all economies or one with widening fault lines—as many struggle with the health crisis while a handful see conditions normalize, albeit with the constant threat of renewed flare-ups.

  • Doctrine of Incidental or Ancillary Powers

    In this article, we will discuss Doctrine of Incidental or Ancillary Powers. So, let’s get started.

    Doctrine of Incidental or Ancillary Powers

    • This principle is an addition to the doctrine of Pith and Substance.
    • What it means is that the power to legislate on a subject also includes the power to legislate on ancillary matters that are reasonably connected to that subject.
    • For example, the power to impose tax would include the power to search and seizure to prevent the evasion of that tax. However, power relating to banking cannot be extended to include power relating to non-banking entities.
    • However, if a subject is explicitly mentioned in a State or Union list, it cannot be said to be an ancillary matter. For example, the power to tax is mentioned in specific entries in the lists and so the power to tax cannot be claimed as ancillary to the power relating to any other entry of the lists.
    • As held in the case of State of Rajasthan vs G Chawla AIR 1959, the power to legislate on a topic includes the power to legislate on an ancillary matter which can be said to be reasonably included in the topic.
    • However, this does not mean that the scope of the power can be extended to any unreasonable extent. Supreme Court has consistently cautioned against such extended construction. For example, in R M D Charbaugwala vs State of Mysore, AIR 1962, SC held that betting and gambling is a state subject as mentioned in Entry 34 of State list but it does not include power to impose taxes on betting and gambling because it exists as a separate item as Entry 62 in the same list.

  • Doctrine of Harmonious Construction

    In this article, we will discuss Doctrine of Harmonious Construction. So, let’s get started.

    Doctrine of Harmonious Construction

    • About:
    • The term harmonious construction refers to such construction by which harmony or oneness amongst various provisions of an enactment is arrived at.
    • When the words of statutory provision bear more than one meaning and there is a doubt as to which meaning should prevail, their interpretation should be in a way that each has a separate effect and neither is redundant or nullified.
    • Origin:
    • The Doctrine of Harmonious construction originated through interpretations given by courts in a number of cases.
    • The evolution of the doctrine can be traced back to the very first amendment made in the Constitution of India with the landmark judgment of Shankari Prasad v. Union of India.
    • Principles of rule of Harmonious construction:
    • In the landmark case of CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carriers (2003) the supreme court laid down five principles of rule of harmonious construction:
    • The courts must avoid a head-on clash of seemingly contradicting provisions and they must construe the contradictory provisions.
    • The provision of one section cannot be used to defeat the provision contained in another unless the court, despite all its efforts, is unable to find a way to reconcile their differences
    • When it is impossible to completely reconcile the differences in contradictory provisions, the courts must interpret them in such a way so that effect is given to both the provisions as much as possible.
    • Courts must also keep in mind that interpretation that reduces one provision to useless number or death is not harmonious construction.
    • To harmonize is not to destroy any statutory provision or to render it fruitless.